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德国为何不希望与中国打贸易战?

27/05/2013 |金融时报、路透、卫报
More than 1,000 firms demand end to EU-China solar PV trade war
09/04/2013 |卫报

The extent of the split within the European solar industry over proposals for Brussels to impose tariffs on imported solar panels from China was laid bare yesterday, when it emerged that over 1,000 companies from across the industry have written to the European Commission warning import duties could have a grave impact on the industry.


The European Commission recently launched an anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigation against Chinese solar manufacturers, after European solar manufacturers lodged a series of complaints alleging that Chinese rivals were benefitting from unfair subsidies.
Speculation is now mounting that the EU could follow in the footsteps of the US and impose import tariffs on Chinese solar panels, while also pursuing a complaint to the World Trade Organisation about Chinese government subsidies.
Predictions the Commission could impose tariffs were given further credence last month, when it ordered customs officials to keep a record of the number of Chinese solar panels being imported in order to allow for retrospective levies to be imposed.
But while European and US solar technology manufacturers would welcome such action, installers and prospective purchasers of solar technology are increasingly concerned that such a move will drive up the cost of solar panels, leading to a slowdown in the deployment of the technology and job losses across the industry.
Now the Alliance for Affordable Solar Energy (AFASE), a coalition of over 350 companies opposed to introduction of import tariffs, has orchestrated a letter signed by 1,024 companies that warns of the potential negative impacts of any protectionist measures.
The letter, addressed to European Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht, argues the problems faced by European solar manufacturers are more the result of over-capacity in the global solar market caused by the economic slowdown than competition from China.
It also warns that "the imposition of anti-dumping and/or countervailing duties will severely hamper the growth of solar energy in the EU to the detriment of the entire EU solar PV value chain and without significant positive effect for the EU solar producers".
"All experts emphasize that photovoltaics will exit from the current bust cycle by continued cost cutting through cost rationalisations and economies of scale thereby sustaining and increasing demand," it adds. "We are convinced that it is precisely this inability to sufficiently cut costs at a crucial stage in the industry's development which has injured EU producers but it could also be the avenue forward for their success. Imposing additional duties is in blatant contradiction with the decrease in costs that is needed for the industry to survive."



德国反对向中国光伏产品征收惩罚性关税
28/05/2013 |金融时报
昨日,德国带领欧盟(EU)多数成员国反对就进口的中国光伏面板征收惩罚性关税,动摇了欧盟贸易专员打击来自中国的所谓不正当竞争的激进努力。


欧盟贸易专员卡洛•德古赫特(Karel De Gucht)正在欧盟最大的一起贸易调查案上与中国政府叫板德国经济部长菲利普•罗斯勒(Philipp Rösler)则在与来访的中国总理李克强在柏林共进午餐时明确表示,德国政府反对向中国产品征收惩罚性关税
比利时籍的德古赫特提议,对进口的中国光伏产品征收平均幅度高达47%的临时性反倾销关税,并指责中国光伏产品的销售价格低于成本。
这一反倾销提案变成了一项考验:欧盟是否能在布鲁塞尔方面的协调下保持统一的贸易政策,还是各成员国政府最终会在中国政府强大的商务游说攻势下屈服。
欧盟委员会(European Commission)有权最终决定是否施行惩罚性关税。但来自各成员国政府的反对将在贸易调查于12月得出结论的过程中削弱德古赫特的影响力,届时各成员国可以最终否决他的提案
德古赫特昨日会见了中国商务部副部长钟山,以商讨这一贸易问题。
一名欧盟贸易事务发言人声称,“贸易专员德古赫特向钟山副部长明确表示,他了解中国正在向多个欧盟成员国政府施加的巨大压力,这可以解释为何这些国家所采取的立场与它们作为欧盟委员会的顾问时一样。”
欧盟各成员国应在上周五之前对德古赫特的提案做出回应。来自外交官、贸易官员以及其他相关人士的消息显示,在欧盟的27个成员国中,至少有14个成员国的政府反对征收惩罚性关税,一些人给出的这一数字高达17个
这位欧盟贸易事务发言人补充称,德古赫特将“关注成员国的建议”,但指出施加惩罚性关税或有其必要性。他指出:“目前欧盟境内光伏行业有25000个工作机会正在受到威胁。欧盟委员会有责任考察全局,并完全根据事实本身做出决定。”
这位发言人还表示,欧盟委员会对达成和解持开放态度,这或许反映了布鲁塞尔方面立场的软化。他说:“贸易专员德古赫特还表示,在必要的情况下,他愿意与美国合作,考察达成协议和解的可能性。”
德古赫特还就另一项反倾销及反补贴调查与中国政府产生了纷争,他威胁将对两家中国电信网络设备供应商发起相关调查
法报:
德国为何不希望与中国打贸易战?
30/05/2013 |新华网

新华网北京5月30日电 法国《快报》周刊网站5月27日发表埃米莉·莱韦克的一篇文章,题为《为什么德国不希望和中国打贸易战》,摘编如下:
中国和欧盟之间如今阴云密布。几个星期来,这两个世界最主要经济体之间的贸易关系十分紧张。最先宣战的是欧盟:今年5月初,欧盟委员会提议各成员国于6月5日批准对来自中国的光伏产品征收47%的临时关税,以保护该领域一些面临破产的欧洲企业——正是它们在声讨中国搞不正当竞争。
北京随即宣布对产自欧洲、尤其是法国瓦卢雷克公司所生产的无缝钢管展开反倾销调查。几天后,欧盟再次作出反击:欧盟委员会宣布,欧盟将就中国电信设备企业华为和中兴通讯公司以低价的方式向欧洲市场“倾销”商品展开调查。此后,欧盟又作出终裁,对原产地为中国的陶瓷餐具征收13%至36%的反倾销税。事件的最新发展是:北京可能已对欧盟的化学品展开了反倾销程序。
欧盟的这些举动虽然也得到了某些领导人——如法国经济振兴部长阿诺·蒙特堡——的赞同,但是在惩罚中国这个问题上,欧洲人的意见并非完全一致。德国尤其准备要不惜一切代价来避免与中国的贸易战。作为欧盟最大的经济体,德国将在这样一场贸易冲突中遭受重大损失。德国总理默克尔26日在柏林接待首次来访的中国总理李克强时强调,她将“竭尽一切努力通过谈判而不是通过对抗来寻求解决方案,对抗的最终结束只能是使双方相互设置高关税”。
德国是中国在欧洲最大的贸易伙伴。中国是德国一个十分关键的出口市场,尤其是汽车和机床两个行业。2012年,中德之间的贸易额达到了1440亿欧元。欧洲汽车行业的领导者——大众汽车公司今年3月份宣布,它计划在中国建立7个新工厂。去年,大众公司在中国的汽车销售总量达到了281万辆。欧洲对外关系委员会的汉斯·孔德纳尼分析说,柏林“从本质上把中国看作自己日益依赖的巨大的出口市场”。
2012年,德国对中国的贸易逆差仅为107亿欧元,这与整个欧盟高达1458亿欧元的逆差以及法国210亿欧元的逆差形成了鲜明的对比。然而,与中国的贸易战所伤害到的将不仅仅只是德国,而是欧盟的所有成员国、企业家和消费者。
尽管人们担心中国经济增长速度未来可能放缓,但是今年其增长率仍将保持在7%左右,而今年欧元区则很可能迎来连续第二个衰退之年。中国是世界第二大经济体,其巨大的市场——到2020年,中国的富裕人口将达2.8亿,仅他们的消费量就将占全球消费总量的5%——对欧洲出口商来说是一个无法绕开的目的地。更何况,近年来中国已开始注重增强国内市场的消费能力。

欧盟多数不赞成向中国太阳能面板征收高关税,
法国和意大利赞成
27/05/2013 |朱振 |路透

路透布鲁塞尔5月27日 - 周一对欧盟成员国进行的调查结果显示,多数欧盟国家政府反对向进口的中国太阳能面板征收高额关税的计划。这令欧盟就中国的贸易操作向后者施压的努力受挫。



向中国太阳能面板征收高关税是由欧盟贸易执委卡瑞德古特(Karel de Gucht)提出。他周一与中国商务部副部长钟山进行了非正式会谈。
然而外交人士对路透称,由于担心失去中国业务,德国、英国与荷兰等至少14国反对此项制裁措施。
欧盟执委会称,中国施压一些欧盟国家反对该关税。
“贸易执委德古特...向副部长阐明,他意识到中国向一些欧盟成员国施压,因此这些国家才会有此立场...”执委会在声明中称。
欧盟27国应在周五前就德古特的计划提交正式书面回应。虽然德古特仍有权决定征收该关税,但在成员国反对的情况下很难做到
执委会声明表示,德古特对钟山称,他希望“如果可能,由双方与美国一起研究通过协商解决问题的可能性”。
官员称,一旦临时关税被列入欧盟官方日志中,就很有可能在6月6日开始征收;不过在其于12月变为永久关税之前,要求取消这一措施的压力会很大。
这一意见不合凸显出,欧盟内部对于如何对待中国问题上的严重分歧。中国是许多欧盟出国口的关键市场,也是欧盟第二大贸易伙伴。
路透接触了欧盟27国中的21个国家,证实有15国反对该关税,包括法国和意大利在内的六国赞成。
德国最初支持德古特的征税计划,但目前该国总理梅克尔似乎更青睐协商解决,因为担心若中国采取报复措施,可能会冲击到德国出口商

中欧经贸难轻松
28/05/2013 |朱振 |Financial Times
         一年的时间里,李克强的两次欧洲之行却面对着不同的情境。


去年五月,时任中国副总理的李克强曾启动一轮对欧盟国家的访问。启程之际他为英国《金融时报》撰文。文章中,他对那次欧洲之行充满期待,强调“欧盟始终是中国值得期待的战略合作伙伴。”
彼时,中国与欧盟的贸易往来正迎来历史高点:中国自欧盟的进口已连续两年实现超过25%增幅,中欧平均日贸易额超过15亿美元;与此相伴,中国在欧盟的直投、高新技术引进也均在以飞快速度增长。
在那篇文章的结尾,李克强引用中国民间谚语:“隔道不下雨,百里不同风”,寓意和谐发展西方思维与东方智慧,建立多元一体、互利共赢的中欧关系。
然而一年之后,当上周末李克强以中国新一届国家总理的身份再次到访欧洲时,“百里不同风”的中欧关系正面临着不小的麻烦,种种迹象似乎都在预示,一场史无前例的贸易争端正进入一触即发的敏感阶段。
几乎就在李克强抵达欧洲的同时,欧盟成员国正在为欧盟委员会(European Commission)对华光伏征税建议案进行投票去年9月,欧盟委员会启动针对中国光伏产品的反倾销、反补贴关税调查),如果在6月初的初裁结果中宣布对中国企业征收47%的惩罚性关税,中企在欧洲的产品将面临灭顶之灾
与此同时,中国商务部与欧盟委员会围绕电信设备的贸易纠纷也正不断升温,欧盟指责中国为华为和中兴通讯等电信设备公司提供非法补贴。
根据《金融时报》报道的事件最新进展,截至欧洲时间27日晚间,已经有包括德国在内的半数以上的欧盟成员国对制裁中国投出了反对票。这一结果多少让当下剑拔弩张的情绪有所缓解。此前有悲观人士担心,无论是光伏争议还是通信纠纷,都有可能随时会演变为中欧之间一场全面的贸易战争。
在24日出席苏黎世的演讲活动时,中国总理对欧盟立案制裁的回应措辞严厉,他表示中方将高度关注欧盟发起针对中国光伏产品和无线通信设备的反倾销反补贴调查。并指出“对这两类产品和设备实行‘双反’,不仅会严重损害中国相关产业、企业和就业,也会损害欧洲用户和消费者的切身利益,损人而不利己,”因此表示“坚决反对”。
无可否认,随着光伏案和通信案的不断发酵,所涉及问题已不再是中欧之间相关产业间矛盾,而是已上升为一场涉及不同领域和层面的多方博弈。在此番中国与欧盟高层的磋商中,除去行业贸易摩擦,双方在农业、航空业的合作,以及等待启动谈判的中欧投资协议自由贸易协定都成为了讨论内容。
有人用“一半海水,一半火焰”来形容一年来的中欧经贸关系。一方面,欧盟是中国在全球的第一大贸易伙伴,彼此国家之间的元首互访正愈发频繁;而另一方面,接二连三的贸易纠纷却为中欧关系增添了不少阴影。
贸易数据也许能够为双方挽回关系提供一些支撑。根据中方统计,2012年欧盟继续保持中国第一大贸易伙伴的地位,仍是中国重要的外资来源地和技术提供方。中欧双边贸易额连续第二年突破5000亿美元的纪录中国自欧盟进口2120.5亿美元,增长0.4%
但在欧元区主权债务危机阴霾迟迟难以消散的背景下,欧盟各成员国正普遍面对经济放缓、消费低迷和失业业率飚升的局面。中国这个合作伙伴也让越来越多的欧洲企业感到紧张,尤其是欧洲对华的贸易赤字的不断增长,以及来自中国的企业开始向较高价值的产业迈进更是加剧了这种担忧。有人开始疑虑,仅仅依靠不断刷新纪录的贸易数据,是否能继续维系中欧之间彼此紧密的合作关系。
这种担忧同样也反映在了数据上,因受对中国光伏产品等展开反倾销调查的影响,2012年,中国对欧盟出口3339.9亿美元,下降6.2%欧盟已不再是中国的第一大出口目的地,被美国取而代之
但对于制裁中国,欧盟内部始终存在着针锋相对的矛盾。德国是李克强此次出访的唯一个欧盟成员国家,就在中国总理启程前往德国的前一周时间里,欧盟委员会和德国之间正因对中国光伏企业制裁问题而彼此关系紧张。面对欧盟委员会贸易专员德古赫特(Karel De Gucht)向中国征收惩罚性关税的强硬立场,德国却倾向于协商谈判
此次投票的结果也证明,德国的反调在欧盟并不孤立,尤其是在欧元区各国国内经济普遍放缓的情况下,诸多欧洲企业实际并不愿放弃中国这个重要的增长市场,因此就会有自相矛盾的情景发生:欧盟成员国的领导人一面在布鲁塞尔会晤时主张对中国采取严厉措施,一面又在访问中国时努力争取来自北京的投资订单。
这也意味着,中国对于深陷经济泥潭的欧盟来说,正在成为一个充满悖论的难题。即便此次制裁最终暂缓或取消,但按瑞典经济学家弗雷德里克•艾里克森(Fredrik Erixon)的说法,中欧双方在贸易和合作中“常常都会充斥着误解、自尊受损、不满和愤怒。”
这无论如何都是一个无法持续长久的状态,中欧双方都亟需做出改变。李克强的欧洲之行已经产生了一些积极的效果。通过拉进中国与德国之间的好感,巩固两国经济互补关系,中国有望借助中德关系的龙头效应,进一步改善中欧关系。而中国与瑞士所签订的自贸协定,也在一定程度上会鼓励欧盟考虑和中国开展自由贸易谈判。
但对中国而言,长期面对贸易摩擦复杂化、常态化的局面已并不令人意外。对此,不仅需要中国政府加强与重点国家进行双边或多边交流,积极参与全球新规则制定,中国的企业也应采取更加规范化的管理运作,了解世贸组织体系下的贸易常识和规则,增强自身应对摩擦的知识和能力。
而对欧盟来说,对中国企业实施严厉的征税制裁也绝非合宜之举。因为短期内如果欧盟难以改善自身低迷的财政状况和经济环境,而一味地将中国拒之门外,最终也会损害其自身成员国的利益。因此当下中欧双方所亟需的,实际上是一个既能够保全各方利益、又能顾全面子的妥协方案。
和中美贸易争端相似,在世界经济依然放缓的背景下,无论是中国还是欧盟都无法承担激烈贸易摩擦带来的后果。因此,无论眼下的中欧贸易争端存在着怎样的是非曲直,双方都应始终恪守一个底线,那就是必须遏制贸易战的发生。


The EU should end its fruitless trade dispute with China
26/05/2013 |中国驻欧盟使团团长吴海龙 |Financial Times
Trade is central to the relationship between China and the EU. The $546bn in bilateral trade between two of the world’s biggest economies underpins a broader strategic partnership in which growing business ties have delivered great benefits to both sides.


In the past year, however, China-EU trade has been on a downward trajectory, declining 3.7 per cent in 2012 and a further 1.9 per cent in the first quarter of this year. This is very worrying. The main cause is the sluggish European economy, where demand is weak and competitiveness is declining. But the EU’s protectionist measures against China have also had a harmful impact on trade.

This month, the European Commission informed member states of a proposal to impose provisional anti-dumping duties averaging 47 percent on photovoltaic products – core components of solar panels – imported from China. A week later, on May 15, the commission said that it was prepared to launch an anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigation into imports of mobile telecommunications equipment from China.

Additionally, the commission has rejected claims that Chinese exporters should enjoy market-economy treatment. When mounting arguments for its dumping accusations, it has chosen to compare the prices Chinese companies charge for their photovoltaic products in Europe with those they charge in India, where they are much higher than in China.

The commission’s actions have tarnished its image as an advocate of free trade, fuelled the rise of protectionism and run counter to the commitment by the leaders of the Group of 20 leading industrialised nations not to introduce protectionist measures.

The EU’s repeated attempts to stir up trade frictions with China are astonishing and confusing. Europe has not overcome its debt crisis and much of the continent is still mired in recession. In this context, it is counterproductive for the EU to take any protectionist measures against China, as these will not help resolve the difficulties facing Europe’s industries or stem the decline in competitiveness of their products. In fact, the EU may end up only harming itself since these measures could cause its economy to lose steam and undermine the confidence of Chinese companies in their business relations in Europe.

Pascal Lamy, director-general of the World Trade Organisation, recently noted that about 40 percent of what countries export is made up of imported inputs. So protectionism does not protect. A large proportion of imports and exports between China and the EU belong to the same value chain. Restricting Chinese exports to Europe will hurt both EU consumers and industries.

In fact, many European entrepreneurs and experts have spoken out against the EU’s moves to stir up trade frictions. Recently, more than 1,500 companies that import and install photovoltaic products wrote to Karel De Gucht, EU trade commissioner, opposing the protection of a small number of producers at the expense of the rest. Some European studies have warned that restricting Chinese photovoltaic products will lead to job losses running into the tens of thousands and could even trigger a trade war.

Recently, some senior officials from EU member states expressed support for a political resolution to the photovoltaic case. They believe the EU could find a long-term solution to some of its economic problems by supporting the expansion of this sector, making its products more competitive for consumers and increasing market demand for photovoltaic goods. I think their proposals are sensible and reasonable.

The EU economy is still in the doldrums, facing considerable downward pressures and many uncertainties. Creating an open trade environment and sending a positive signal would be much more beneficial in boosting the confidence for co-operation and facilitating the EU’s economic recovery.

As important partners, China and the EU share a responsibility to promote the growth of two-way trade. China does not want to see any damage to bilateral trade ties, and hopes the EU will take a sensible approach and honour its commitment to settle disputes through dialogue and consultation – to the ultimate benefit of both sides.

The writer is the Chinese ambassador to the EU

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