参考消息网9月17日报道 美国媒体称，尽管包括基地食堂菜单在内的中国军事的一切事务都被列为机密，但在某种程度上，西方分析人士还是设法剥去了一些军事计划的隐秘外衣，而制订这些计划的目的是在南海“出事时”挫败美军的行动。
据美国《防务新闻》周刊网站9月16日报道，自1996年以来，反介入/区域拒止已成为中国军事战略的重中之重。当时，美国派遣了两支航母战斗群来显示对台湾当局的“支持”。部署航母的行为激怒了北京，促使其开始努力防止美国在今后发起对抗中国的军事行动。
航母杀手初具战力
报道称，最显而易见的反介入/区域拒止计划是“东风”-21D反舰弹道导弹的研制，“东风”-21D现已具备初步的作战能力。
报道指出，由于其他国家还没有成功研制出可以攻击舰艇的常规弹道导弹，因此，这种导弹是独一无二的。对于这种导弹能否在不配备适当的定位卫星和电子对抗手段的情况下执行任务，西方分析人士内部观点不一。
美国海军官员说，他们正在想办法建立一条挫败“东风”-21D导弹的“杀伤链”。一个可能的解决方案是用尚处于原型阶段的SLQ-59替换AN/SLQ-32电子战系统（几乎每艘美国海军战舰都装有AN/SLQ-32系统）。
分析人士不确定的是，SLQ-59是专门用于对付中国的反舰弹道导弹和反舰巡航导弹的威胁，还是仅仅是美国海军“水面电子战改进计划”的一部分，即SLQ-32 Block 3T系统（移动式电子战组件）。
报道指出，在一份日期为1月11日的公文中，美国太平洋司令部“异常紧急地”要求提供24套SLQ-59原型系统。这份公文宣称，这是一项“应予以优先考虑的事宜，因为发现了新威胁，以及需要在极短的时间内使海军舰艇及其人员拥有防护能力”。
卫星战机无处藏身
报道称，为了破坏或摧毁美国的卫星，中国还一直在研制反卫星导弹和激光。
总部设在新加坡的国防和战略研究所研究员米海尔·拉什卡说，中国正在进行“圣光”激光计划，旨在使用高能激光产生持久的核聚变反应。
拉什卡说，这项计划——官方称之为替代能源计划——在军事上可能有两方面用途：完善中国的下一代热核武器以及推进定向能激光武器计划。
报道指出，中国的反介入/区域拒止战略的目的是迫使美军的行动进一步远离中国，并使美国的打击任务难以破坏中国军队的耳目。中国庞大而先进的地下设施网络是其为阻止美国在战争期间摧毁指挥和控制网点所做的努力。美国如果企图使用F-22隐形战机和B-2轰炸机破坏地下设施，就会面临中国不断进行的反隐形工作的挑战。
报道称，这些工作包括通过间谍活动获取隐形技术，比如诺思罗普—格鲁曼公司前工程师诺希尔·戈瓦迪亚等人提供的有关B-2轰炸机的机密。2010年被美国定罪的戈瓦迪亚向中国提供了对付B-2轰炸机的红外制导导弹的锁定范围和有关研制巡航导弹排气系统的信息。
注重发展雷达系统
报道称，中国正在研制有关发现并击落隐形飞机的雷达系统。这包括与乌克兰合作研制米波、被动式超视距雷达和红外反干扰装置。
拉什卡说，中国还从乌克兰购置了“铠甲”无源传感器电子战系统和移动式3-D36D6-M1空中监视雷达。
报道指出，中国新研制的YLC-20双站无源监视雷达可能是捷克VERA-E系统的仿制品。
还有迹象表明，中国计划向俄罗斯购买射程达400公里的S-400地对空导弹系统，一旦成功，大陆的对空防御范围将首次覆盖整个台湾地区。中国目前使用的是本土研制的“红旗”-9和俄罗斯制造的S-300陆基导弹移动系统。
报道认为，即使美国的轰炸行动能躲开中国的地对空导弹系统，美国仍需要确定地下设施的方位并进行摧毁。据说，这些地下设施是由长长的地道组成，遍及整个中国。
2049计划研究所研究员伊恩·伊斯顿说，中国的地下设施计划“本身就极具战略性和隐秘性”。他说，为了使这些设施不易遭到破坏，中国投入了“巨大的”人力物力，以“将古代的防御方式融入现代战场中”。
China Pursues Systems To Keep US Forces at Bay
17/09/2013｜WENDELL
MINNICK ｜Defense News
Though everything in China’s military is
classified secret, including lunch menus at base canteens, Western analysts
have been able to peel away some of the secrecy of several programs geared at
defeating a US military campaign in the South China Sea or a Taiwan scenario.
Anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) has become
a focal point for China’s military since 1996, when the US sent two aircraft
carrier groups as a show of support for Taiwan during Chinese missile tests
designed to intimidate voters. The deployment of the aircraft carriers enraged
Beijing, leading to efforts to deter US military operations that challenge
China in the future.
The most obvious A2/AD program under
development is the DF-21D anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM), which has entered
the initial operational capability stage.
The missile is unique in that no other
country has successfully developed a conventional ballistic missile capable of
hitting a ship. There is a debate within the Western analytical community about
whether this missile is capable of performing this task without the proper
targeting satellites and electronic countermeasures.
US Navy officials have said they are
working on ways of defeating the DF-21D along the kill chain. One possible
solution is a plan to replace the AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare system, which is
aboard nearly every US Navy warship, with a prototype system dubbed SLQ-59.
Analysts are unsure whether the SLQ-59 is intended as a counter to China’s ASBM
and anti-ship cruise missile threats, or is simply part of the US Navy’s
Surface Electronic Warfare Improvement Program (SEWIP), possibly the SLQ-32
Block 3T (Transportable EW Module).
In a document dated Jan. 11, the US Pacific
Command made an “unusual and compelling urgency” request for 24 prototype
SLQ-59s. The document stated that this is a “priority effort due to a newly
discovered threat and the need to provide a protective capability to naval
ships and their crews in a critically short timeframe.”
“Based on the law of averages, truth to be
found somewhere in the middle, no doubt,” said Bob Nugent, vice president of
advisory services at AMI International. Nugent said he tends to lean toward the
SLQ-59 being part of the SEWIP, “but there may be some specific threat devices
that need a gap filler.”
China also has been developing
anti-satellite missiles and lasers designed to damage or destroy US satellites.
According to Michael Raska, a research fellow at the Singapore-based Institute
of Defence and Strategic Studies, China is working on the Shenguang (“Divine
Light”) laser project for inertial confinement fusion, which aims to use
high-powered lasers to produce a sustained nuclear fusion reaction.
Raska said the program — officially
designated as an alternative energy project — could have two military
applications: improving China’s next-generation thermonuclear weapons and
advancing its directed-energy laser weapon programs.
China’s A2/AD strategy is intended to force
the US military to operate farther from the mainland and make it difficult for
US strike missions to knock out China’s military eyes and ears.
China’s massive complex of advanced
underground facilities is part of the effort to impede the US from destroying
command-and-control nodes during a war. Any attempt by the US to use its
stealthy F-22 fighter jets and B-2 bombers to cripple underground facilities
would face China’s ongoing attempts to defeat stealth technology.
This includes stealth technology acquired
by espionage, such as B-2 secrets provided by former Northrop Grumman engineer
Noshir Gowadia and others. Gowadia, whom the US convicted in 2010, provided
China with the lock-on range for infrared-guided missiles against the B-2 and
information that allowed China to develop a low-signature cruise missile
exhaust system.
There also are other indications China is
developing radar capabilities that will allow it to identify and shoot down
stealth aircraft. This includes the development of meter-wave, passive
over-the-horizon radar and infrared countermeasures in cooperation with the
Ukraine-based Lviv Radiotechnical Science and Research Institute and the Iskra
Scientific and Production Complex, said Vasiliy Kashin, a China military
specialist at the Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and
Technologies.
China also has acquired Kolchuga passive
sensor electronic warfare systems and mobile 3-D 36D6-M1 airspace surveillance
radars from Ukraine, he said.
China’s new YLC-20 two-station passive
surveillance radar is possibly a copy of the Czech VERA-E system. There also
are indications China plans to procure the 400-kilometer-range Russian S-400
surface-to-air missile system, which for the first time would give China
complete air defense coverage of Taiwan. China uses the indigenously developed
HQ-9 and Russian-built S-300 land-based mobile systems.
Even if US bombing missions can escape
China’s improving surface-to-air missile capabilities, the US still must locate
and destroy the underground facilities that reportedly make up hundreds of
miles of tunnels throughout China.
China’s underground facility program is “by
its very nature inherently strategic and secretive,” said Ian Easton, a
researcher at the Project 2049 Institute. To make those facilities survivable,
China has invested a “tremendous level” of resources to “adapt an ancient
defense method to a modern battlefield,” he said.
