Hi quest ,  welcome  |  

2011-2020 美國經濟的黑暗十年

24/08/2011 |Paul B. Farrell|华尔街日报
2011-2020:Decade of U.S. economic hell

來十年是什麼樣?險惡的政局準會讓經濟問題比今天還要糟糕得多。

哥倫比亞大學(Columbia University)教授羅伯特•里伯曼(Robert Lieberman)今年早些時候在《外交事務》(Foreign Affairs)雜志上撰文稱﹐“美國經濟似乎正在走向崩潰”。


喬希•羅金(Josh Rogin)日前也在《外交事務》雜志上撰文警告稱﹐“這一仗還沒完:你是不是覺得沒完沒了的債務上限談判醜陋不堪?其實國會的爭鬥並沒有結束﹐不過是剛剛熱身呢。”。等今年秋季休會期結束﹐議員們重返國會時﹐“還有八場外交政策戰要打”﹐經濟復蘇會受到進一步拖累。

8月初標準普爾公司(S&P)下調美國信用評級﹐股市單日下跌513點﹐經濟陷入二次衰退﹐這些都是例證。

另一名外交政策專家詹姆斯•陶布(James Taub)警告稱﹐透過債務上限協議﹐我們看到的是茶黨(Tea Party)對美國國力的可怕設想。

我們將面臨一場災難。陶布寫道﹐“只有槍炮﹐沒有黃油……國庫里的錢一股腦地全充作軍費……當前許多美國人都希望政府少干預國內事務﹐尤其是少插手海外事務﹐而剛剛達成的債務協議卻讓保留美國龐大的國防預算成為可能﹐至少﹐如果國會共和黨人條件能夠得到滿足﹐國防預算會有望保留。”

號稱共和黨內達斯•維達(Darth Vader, 為《星球大戰》中的人物﹐是一個具有矛盾色彩的人──譯者注)的米切•麥康奈爾(Mitch McConnell)就在幹這個﹐他一心要阻止奧巴馬(Obama)連任總統﹐卻刻意忽略與之相伴的負面影響──扼殺經濟復蘇。

麥康奈爾已經在蓄意破壞新成立的國會債務問題“跨黨派超級委員會”了﹐他宣稱只任命簽署格羅弗•諾奎斯特(Grover Norquist) “不征新稅”承諾書的共和黨人。

經濟學家警告稱﹐如果沒有新的稅收收入﹐經濟復蘇是不可能的﹐所以未來還會有更多僵局出現。

但問題不僅限於非民主黨人的那些險惡承諾。美國確實“正在走向崩潰”。看看民主共和兩黨吧:民主黨缺乏強有力的領導﹐共和黨和茶黨則信奉怪異的熊彼特理論(Schumpeterian)﹐認為只有摧毀經濟才能拯救美國﹐才能為無政府主義以及崇尚自由市場的里根經濟思想(Reaganomics)的復興舖平道路。

政治危機把經濟拖入泥潭

伙計們﹐政客們真的是無法無天﹐完全沒有管理經濟的能力。他們的經濟政策不合理﹐甚至可以說﹐他們在經濟問題上既無知﹐又短視。

難怪道瓊斯工業股票平均價格指數8月初時一天就暴跌513點。也難怪專家指出了高科技股的市盈率問題﹐警告稱新興市場經濟體可能會出現新一輪互聯網泡沫破裂、二次衰退以及大宗商品價格大跌﹐歐洲則會面臨無休無止的債務問題。

簡言之﹐我們將迎來一場與二十世紀三十年代媲美的完美風暴。當年災難性的政治狂熱延長了大蕭條持續的時間﹐讓美國經濟捲入影響深遠的全球性問題中﹐正是這些問題催生了非理性的時代思潮﹐引發了世界大戰。

在過去十年里﹐我們曾預見了2000年的泡沫破滅、2008年的金融市場危機以及2009年曇花一現的牛市。現在看來﹐歷史學家今後在回顧2011年到2020年這一歷史時期時﹐很可能會將其稱為“美國歷史上最糟糕的十年”﹐這十年會比二十世紀三十年代的“大蕭條”還要糟糕。一切都在意料之中﹐但政客們卻不願正視。

今年年初我們曾作出十項預測﹐預計將發生一連串事件﹐等到量變轉化為質變﹐美國會被“創造性毀滅”浪潮所吞噬﹐最終﹐我們“過於貪婪而不容倒閉”的貨幣和銀行體系﹐還有我們為超級富豪和腐敗政體服務的資本主義都將受到重創。

近期的債務上限協議為人們敲響了警鐘﹐預示情況在長期內可能會大幅惡化。我們將迎來一場曠日持久的新內戰﹐一方是特殊利益集團和超級富豪﹐另一方則是中產階級和弱勢群體。這場耗資靡費的自相殘殺將進一步削弱美國的世界超級大國地位﹐敵人們該幸災樂禍了。所以大家系好安全帶吧﹐今後一些年﹐情況會越來越糟。

下面我要提出十項最新年度預期﹐對今後十年逐年進行展望。未來十年將是有產者和無產者展開經濟戰的十年﹐令美國從內部土崩瓦解的三種意識形態之間的鬥爭也絕無妥協餘地。“貧富差距”、貪婪、權利和敵意都如此根深蒂固﹐根本不可能妥協。只有像1929年那樣出現大災大難﹐資本主義和民主制統統崩潰﹐經濟墜入地獄﹐美國才不得不進行徹底改革。看看今後十年都會發生些什麼吧:

2011年:華爾街超級富豪統治華盛頓

過去三十年﹐所謂的民主國家美國一直控制在保守派手中﹐從里根(Reagan)到奧巴馬都是如此。在這種背景下﹐連“進步的”的聯邦最高法院(Supreme Court)去年也做出一件讓美國人神經崩潰的事。最高法院推翻了長期以來一致沿用的判例﹐讓富有老板掌控下無生命的公司擁有與有生命的公民同等的權利。在筆者當年就讀的弗吉尼亞大學(University of Virginia)的憲法課堂上﹐這項裁定會被判為不及格。

2012年:超級富豪在政治體系中的絕對權力得到鞏固

聯邦最高法院的荒謬裁決讓政治賄賂成為合法行為。現在﹐數十億美元經遊說者之手進入政客的口袋里﹐目標只有一個﹐就是要確保每個政客都按超級富豪的意志來投票。誰有錢就是老大。美國不再是一個民主制國家﹐甚至連財閥制國家也算不上。如今﹐美國中產階級正迅速淪為第三世界的窮人﹐而富人則越來越富﹐超級富豪與其他人之間的差距穩步擴大。現在看來﹐誰是2012年大選的贏家並不重要﹐因為金錢腐蝕了一切﹐在這個對說客和富有捐款人偏愛有加的體系中﹐奧巴馬已經成了任人擺佈的傀儡

2013年:五角大樓加緊發動全球商品戰

布什(Bush)總統當政期間﹐《財富》(Fortune)雜志曾對五角大樓一篇機密報告進行了分析﹐該報告預計“氣候將迅速發生徹底變化﹐會成為所有國家安全問題的根源”。﹐“大規模乾旱讓耕地變為沙漠﹐森林化為灰燼”﹐數十億新增人口為全球帶來不安定因素。此外﹐“到2020年﹐肯定會發生某種極端事件……舊的模式可能會再次出現﹔戰爭將主宰人類生活”。不願正視現實的政客們將選擇戰爭﹐而非協作。

2014年:全球人口激增﹐資源迅速枯竭

美國“超級富豪陰謀”從中產階級納稅人手中榨取了數千億美元。超級富豪可不管全球每年劇增1億人口要消耗多少稀缺的大宗商品﹐他們只是將其視為通過自由市場全球化致富的工具﹐而根本不考慮全球人口攀升到100億會釀成怎樣的悲劇。所有這一切都需要耗費更多地球上有限的、不可再生的資源。環保人士比爾•麥吉本(Bill McKibbenc)曾警告稱﹐“再不行動起來就遲了。科學證實﹐地球已經開始遭到破壞。”。假如我們現在對環保人士的警告充耳不聞﹐未來會遭報應。人類無法拯救地球。

2015年:“鍍金時代”讓美利堅“世界帝國”崩潰

當年五角大樓預計2020年爆發第三次世界大戰時﹐凱文•菲利普斯(Kevin Phillips)也曾在《財富與民主》(Wealth and Democracy)一書中警告稱﹐“多數強國在經濟實力達到頂峰時會變得不可一世﹐不惜以巨大的代價發動世界大戰﹐結果耗費大量資源﹐背負巨額債務﹐最終玩火自焚。”《巨人:美利堅帝國的興衰》(Colossus: The Rise and Fall of The American Empire)一書作者、金融史學家尼爾•弗格森(Niall Ferguson)也警告稱﹐認為政治進程呈季節性和週期性是在自欺欺人。

2016年:里根經濟思想不攻自破﹔舊體系開始崩潰

弗格森問道﹐“假如歷史進程不是週期性、緩慢漸變的﹐而是不規律的呢?假如社會的衰亡無須經過很多世紀﹐而是突然發生﹐讓人措手不及的呢”?”賈德•戴蒙(Jared Diamond)在《大崩潰》 (Collapse) 一書中警告稱﹐“最讓人不安的歷史事實是﹐有那麼多文明都曾呈現出急轉直下的衰落勢頭。確實﹐一個社會可能在其人口、財富和實力達到頂點後就開始走向衰亡了。”但共和黨新黨首對歷史教訓卻視而不見。

2017年:中產階級革命爆發﹐巴菲特所在的“富有階層”失利

革命的種子多年前就播下了。沃倫•巴菲特(Warren Buffett)預見未來將爆發革命﹐他說﹐“沒錯﹐會爆發階級戰爭﹐但戰爭是我所在的富有階級發起的﹐贏家也將是富人。”2016年總統大選之後﹐政治矛盾會引爆一場新的內戰。收入“差距”讓泡沫破裂﹐經濟崩潰﹐政府再度出手救助“過於貪婪而不容倒閉”的銀行﹐在全國激起民憤。新一輪蕭條點燃了階級反抗之火。

2018年:美國聯邦儲備委員會(Fed)和華爾街垮台﹐哥拉斯-斯蒂格爾法案(Glass-Steagall)重新生效

戴蒙說自己是“謹慎樂觀派”。他認為﹐“在問題已經露出端倪﹐但還不算非常嚴重時﹐領導人應該有勇氣從長遠角度來考慮問題﹐作出果斷、果敢和前瞻性的決定。”。而他們卻磨磨蹭蹭﹐根本沒有採取果斷行動。本輪危機會引發文化革命。歷史告訴我們﹐多數領袖的行為動機是眼前的個人利益﹐而非長遠的公共利益。那些接受億萬富翁讚助的政客更是如此﹐個中原因看看他們的讚助人便知﹐除了財季業績、年終獎和下次大選結果﹐這些家伙什麼也不關心。

2019年:全球商品戰蔓延﹐數百萬人喪生﹐數萬億美元付之一炬

超過半數的聯邦預算投入了五角大樓的戰爭機器﹐美國財政和貨幣政策空間受到限制。在這種背景下﹐世界人口的加速增長以及稀缺資源的減少引燃了新的商品戰爭。人們不得不反思﹐在國內就業、教育、醫療、養老等項目迅速惡化之際﹐是否應該減少國防支出。

2020年:美國首位女總統誕生﹐父權制時代結束

顯而易見﹐父權制(從古至今男人主導世界文化、政治和經濟)已經失敗了﹐它把世界帶到了毀滅的邊緣。為什麼男性統治者會失敗呢?投資管理公司GMO(資產管理規模達1,080億美元)的負責人傑瑞米•格蘭瑟姆(Jeremy Grantham)曾預見到了2008年金融危機﹐現在又發出新的警告﹐稱男性領導者的管理風格偏情緒化﹐“缺乏耐心……只關注本季度要做的事情或者年度預算”。他認為﹐“應該有更多具有歷史眼光﹐考慮更週全、右腦更發達的人”來擔任領導者”。然而﹐“我們現在的領袖是一群只考慮眼前的左腦發達者”﹐所以“每次發生無歷史經驗可循的小概率複雜事件時﹐他們必然處理不好”﹐2000年、2008年、2012年、2016年和2020年都如此。

格蘭瑟姆的研究顯示﹐在即將到來的後資本主義美國時代﹐女性領導者將自然而然地脫穎而出。其中一項原因是﹐男性的大腦構造決定了他們是短視的破壞者。更重要的原因是﹐女性大腦的進化決定了她們天生就更擅長從長遠角度考慮問題。腦科學研究者告訴我們﹐75%的男性屬於短線左腦思考者﹐75%的女性顯示出較強的右腦思考特徵﹐能夠進行前瞻性思考﹐她們更擅於考慮未來和宏觀圖景﹐能認識到未來的結果﹐她們是維護和平的人﹐而不是戰爭遊戲玩家。

小結:以上十項預測絕非玩笑﹐所以請理性、穩健地投資﹐千萬不要輕信男性金融家、男性政客和和男性超級富豪的夸夸其談。

(本文作者Paul B. Farrell曾擔任摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)的投資銀行家﹐他著有“The Millionaire Code”、“The Winning Portfolio”等書。現為行為經濟學專欄作家。)

本文譯自MarketWatch

08/08/2011 |Paul B. Farrell|MarketWatch

 Next decade? Toxic politics promises to make economic matters much worse than even today.
“The U.S. economy appears to be coming apart at the seams,” warned Columbia Prof. Robert Lieberman earlier this year in Foreign Affairs.
Now, over at Foreign Policy magazine, Josh Rogin warns: “This Fight Ain’t Over: Think the debt ceiling gridlock was ugly? Congress is just getting warmed up. Here are eight more foreign-policy battles right around the corner,” when they get back to sinking the economic recovery even deeper this fall.
All this was punctuated last week by S&P’s downgrade of the U.S. credit rating, as well as the one-day, 513-point market drop into a double-dip recession.
Another Foreign Policy expert, James Taub, warns of what the “debt-ceiling deal tells us about the Tea Party’s grim vision of American power.”
There’s a disaster ahead, Taub writes: “All Guns, No Butter … depleting the national treasury to pay for the military … when many Americans want to reduce the role of government at home and especially abroad, the debt deal just concluded is likely to preserve the country’s hypertrophied defense budget, at least if congressional Republicans get their way.”
Mitch McConnell, the GOP’s Darth Vader, is doing just that, doubling down on his vow to make certain Obama is a one-term president, intentionally ignoring the collateral damage, killing economic recovery.
How? Ol’ Mitch is already sabotaging the new congressional debt “super-committee,” vowing to appoint only Republicans who have signed Grover Norquist’s “no new taxes” pledge.
Expect more deadlocks as economists warn that recovery is impossible without new revenues.
But it’s beyond toxic nondemocratic pledges. America really is “coming apart at the seams.” Both parties: Dems for lack of strong leadership. The GOP and the Tea Party with their bizarre Schumpeterian conviction that destroying the economy is the only way to save America and pave the way for a revival of their anarchistic, free-market Reaganomics.

Politics sabotage economy

Yes folks, our politicians really are out of control, utterly unable to manage the economy. They’re irrational, and worse, clueless and myopic in economics.
No surprise the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA +0.14%   crashed 513 points in one day last week. Nor that pundits are pointing to high-tech multiples, warning of a new dot-com crash and double-dip recession, as well as a collapse in commodities, in emerging markets and endless debt problems for Europe.
Warning, in short, that we’re headed into a perfect storm rivaling the disastrous political insanity of the 1930s that prolonged the depression, driving the economy into far reaching global problems that added fuel to an irrational zeitgeist and world war.
Over the past decade we predicted the 2000 crash, the 2008 meltdown and the short-lived 2009 rally, and now it seems quite clear that future historians will indeed look back on the 2011-20 decade as the “Worst Decade in American History.” Worse than the “Great Depression” of the 1930s. Totally predictable, totally denied.
Early this year we made 10 predictions of a chain of events that would reach a critical mass and consume America in a torrent of “creative destruction,” finally crippling our too-greedy-to-fail monetary/banking system, our capitalism for the super-rich and our corrupt political system.
The recent debt-ceiling deal is a wild red flag, warning that it’ll be much worse for a long time. Dead ahead, a protracted new civil war between special interests and the super-rich versus the middle class and disadvantaged, a wasteful internecine war that will further downgrade America as the world’s superpower, while enemies cheer loudly. So buckle your seat belts folks, it will get uglier and uglier for years.
So here’s an update of my 10 annual predictions, a year-by-year look at a decade of economic battles between the haves and have-nots, with no room for compromise between the three ideologies destroying our nation from within. The “wealth gap,” the greed, the entitlements, the hostilities are now so entrenched, compromise is impossible. Only a catastrophic 1929-style collapse of capitalism, democracy and a descent into economic hell will force America to restructure. Here’s how it will unfold in the coming 10 years:

2011: Wall Street’s super-rich control Washington

Thanks to the conservative takeover of America’s so-called democracy over the past three decades, from Reagan to Obama, our activist Supreme Court delivered the coup de grace into America’s psyche last year, overturning long-established precedent giving rich owners of zombie corporations the same rights as live citizens. That decision would have gotten a failing grade in my constitutional-law class back at the University of Virginia.

2012: Super-rich solidify absolute power over our political system

That bizarre Supreme Court decision legalized political bribery. Now, billions pass through lobbyists to politicians with one goal: a promise that every politician vote in line with their ideology. Wealth rules. America is no longer a democracy, not even a plutocracy. Today our middle class is in a rapid trickle down into Third World status, while the rich get richer and the “gap” between the super-rich and the rest steadily widens. It is now irrelevant who wins the 2012 race, because money corrupts and Obama is already a puppet of this system favoring lobbyists and wealthy donors.

2013: Pentagon’s global commodity wars accelerate

During the Bush presidency, Fortune analyzed a classified Pentagon report predicting “climate could change radically and fast. That would be the mother of all national-security issues.” Billions of new people spread unrest worldwide as “massive droughts turn farmland into dust bowls and forests to ashes.” Also, “by 2020 there is little doubt that something drastic is happening ... an old pattern could emerge; warfare defining human life.” Trapped in denial, political leaders will chose war over cooperation.

2014: Global population exploding, rapidly wasting resources

America’s “conspiracy of the super-rich” drains trillions from middle-class taxpayers. They see global population growth exploding by 100 million annually not as a drain on scarce commodities, but as tool to get richer through free-market globalization, ignoring the tragedies triggered as the population climbs to 10 billion, all demanding more of the world’s limited, nonrenewable resources, demanding payback for our failures to heed warnings of environmentalists like Bill McKibben: “It might be too late. The science is settled, the damage has already begun.” We can’t save the planet.

2015: ‘Gilded Age’ explodes America’s ‘Global Empire’

Around the time of the Pentagon’s prediction of WWIII in 2020, Kevin Phillips warned in “Wealth and Democracy”: “Most great nations, at the peak of their economic power, become arrogant and wage great world wars at great cost, wasting vast resources, taking on huge debt and ultimately burning themselves out.” Similarly, financial historian Niall Ferguson, author of “Colossus: The Rise and Fall of The American Empire,” warned that we deceive ourselves, thinking “about the political process in seasonal, cyclical terms.”

2016: Reaganomics self-destructs; crashes come

“But what if history is not cyclical and slow-moving but arrhythmic?” asks Ferguson. “What if collapse does not arrive over a number of centuries but comes suddenly,” too rapid to respond in time? The new GOP president ignores the lessons of history, like Jared Diamond’s warnings in “Collapse”: “One of the disturbing facts of history is that so many civilizations share a sharp curve of decline. Indeed, a society’s demise may begin only a decade or two after it reaches its peak in population, wealth and power.”

2017. Middle-class revolution: Buffett’s ‘rich class’ loses

The seeds were planted years ago. Warren Buffett saw the revolution coming: “There’s class warfare, all right, but it’s my class, the rich class, that’s making war, and we’re winning.” After the 2016 presidential election, political rage explodes into a new civil war. The income “gap” pops a bubble, there’s economic collapse and riots spread against another bailout of our “too-greedy-to-fail” banks. New depression ignites class rebellion.

2018. The Fed and Wall Street collapse, Glass-Steagall reinstated

Diamond says he’s a “cautious optimist:” Leaders need “the courage to practice long-term thinking, make bold, courageous, anticipatory decisions at a time when problems have become perceptible but before they reach crisis proportions.” They delay, fail to act boldly. This crisis triggers a cultural revolution. History tells us most leaders act by short-term self-interest, not long-term public interests, especially politicians funded by billionaires who can’t see past quarterly earnings, year-end bonuses, the next election.

2019: Global commodity wars spread, killing millions, wasting trillions

More than half our federal budget goes to the Pentagon’s war machine, limiting America’s fiscal and monetary policies. In this context, new commodity wars are ignited by an accelerating global population against a decline in the world’s scarce resources. That also forces a total rethinking of the balance between spending to protect against external enemies and a rapid deterioration of domestic programs: employment, education, health care, retirement.

2020. America’s first woman president, patriarchal dominance ends

It is clear that patriarchy — male dominance of world culture, politics and economics throughout history — has failed, bringing the world to the brink of total destruction. Why do male leaders fail? Jeremy Grantham’s firm GMO manages $108 billion. He predicted the 2008 meltdown and now warns: Male leaders are emotional, “impatient ... management types who focus on what they are doing this quarter or this annual budget.” Leadership “requires more people with a historical perspective who are more thoughtful and more right-brained.” Yet “we end up with an army of left-brained immediate doers,” which guarantees that “every time we get an outlying, obscure event that has never happened before in history, they are always to miss it,” as in 2000, 2008, 2012, 2016 and in 2020.
In the coming post-capitalism America, Grantham’s research suggests that women leaders will naturally emerge not just because the male brain is a short-term saboteur. The bigger reason is that women’s brains have evolved naturally as superior long-term thinkers. Brain researchers tell us 75% of men are short-term left-brain thinkers, while 75% of women tend to have strong right-brain traits as forward-thinkers, more aware of the future, the big picture, with a sense of future consequences, peacemakers rather than gamer-players.
Bottom line: These 10 predictions deserve serious consideration, so invest wisely, defensively and never listen to the happy talk from males across Wall Street, Washington or from the super-rich. 



linkwithin》

Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...